Son dispositivos que transforman una energía eléctrica o química en energía lumínica. Desde un punto de vista más técnico, se distingue entre dos objetos: la lámpara es el dispositivo que produce la luz, mientras que la luminaria es el aparato que le sirve de soporte.
Lámparas antiguas
Antes de la invención de la luz eléctrica, las lámparas eran recipientes que contenían un líquido oleoso, que se hacía arder por medio de una mecha. El descubrimiento de la mecha (fibra de material combustible sumergida en grasa) se pierde en la oscuridad de los tiempos (se usaba ya en el neolítico superior). Con este descubrimiento nace la lámpara primitiva, que se reducía a una escudilla de piedra con una ranura para la mecha, hecha de musgo y una empuñadura para mantener la mano lejos de la llama. De este tipo de lámparas se han hallado varios ejemplares del Neolítico. Estas lámparas de piedra siguen usándose por algunos pueblos primitivos como los esquimales aleutas de Alaska, usando como combustible aceite de ballena.
Los pueblos mediterráneos empleaban conchas marinas en el cuarto milenio a. de J.C. En los tiempos homéricos se colocaban sobre altos postes, braseros que se alimentaban con leña y astillas. Este tipo de brasero colgante se emplea en la India para ceremonias religiosas.
Las lámparas griegas y romanas tienen su origen en Egipto, el tipo más primitivo consiste en un recipiente más o menos circular, con un mango y decorado con rayas, palmetas y dibujos similares. Otras eran abiertas y se llenaba de aceite o de grasa y sobre su superficie flotaba la mecha (llamada lamparilla), generalmente perforando un material flotante (corcho) para mantenerla vertical.
La lámpara romana tenía dos orificios. El del centro era para rellenarlo de combustible y en diametral-mentalmente opuesto otro, generalmente en forma de pico, por el que salía la mecha. Se decoraban más elaboradamente, con imágenes mitológicas, con forma de animales o busto humano, recibiendo unas y otras el nombre de lychnos entre los griegos y lucerna entre los romanos.
Aunque en Oriente se daba preferencia a la vela, en la zona se desarrolló una lámpara de aceite en forma de plato con pie labrado.
Se conocen de todas las civilizaciones de la antigüedad y de variadísimas formas destacando por su número y perfección artística en su figura y relieves las griegas y las romanas. Las de barro cocido tienen la forma redonda u oval, con elegante asa y uno o más picos si están cerradas o con los bordes algo doblados u ondulados si son abiertas (siendo éstas generalmente fenicias), pero la de bronce presenta formas ondeadas o prolongadas con variedad de apéndices ornamentales y a veces con incrustaciones de plata u oro estando a menudo dispuestas para la suspensión (lucerna pensil) con cadenillas. Las árabes, pequeñas, de bronce o de barro cocido, se distinguen por su elevación y su pico muy prolongado y ofrecen escaso gusto mientras que las de forma de gran vaso de bronce llevan múltiples adornos arabescos y rematan en cubiertas caladas que se suspenden de lo alto.
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